Sticky Biology
The source companion

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Raised numbers in Sticky Biology point to the numbered references below. Find an entry by its number, author, subject or title. Each entry explains how the source is used and the limits of that use.

170 numbered sources. Original numbering is preserved.

170 references

Reference 1

Pashler H, Bain PM, Bottge BA, et al. Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning. Institute of Education Sciences, 2007. https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/wwc/PracticeGuide/1 . Accessed September 17, 2026. Use: teaching-design guidance. Limits: general learning guidance; not a trial of Sticky Biology.

Reference 3

OpenStax. Biology 2e, 1.1 The Science of Biology. OpenStax. Biology 2e, 1.1 The Science of Biology. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: Testable hypotheses, observations and controlled investigation; Chapter 1. Scientific theories are not depicted as unfinished laws.

Reference 4

OpenStax. Biology 2e, 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology. OpenStax. Biology 2e, 1.2 Themes and Concepts of Biology. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: Biological organization and shared properties of life; Chapter 1. Avoid blanket individual-reproduction requirements and purpose-directed evolution.

Reference 6

OpenStax. Biology 2e, 2.2 Water. OpenStax. Biology 2e, 2.2 Water. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: Water polarity, hydrogen bonding, pH and buffers; Chapter 2. pH formally uses activity; concentration approximation is qualified.

Reference 7

OpenStax. Biology 2e, 2.3 Carbon. OpenStax. Biology 2e, 2.3 Carbon. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: Carbon bonding and functional groups; Chapter 3.

Reference 8

OpenStax. Biology 2e, 3.2 Carbohydrates. OpenStax. Biology 2e, 3.2 Carbohydrates. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: Sugar units, starch/cellulose connections and roles; Chapter 3.

Reference 9

OpenStax. Biology 2e, 3.3 Lipids. OpenStax. Biology 2e, 3.3 Lipids. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: Typical fat, common phospholipid and fatty-acid structures; Chapter 3. Not all lipids treated as polymers.

Reference 10

OpenStax. Biology 2e, 3.4 Proteins. OpenStax. Biology 2e, 3.4 Proteins. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: Amino-acid side groups and levels of structure; Chapter 3. Historical or erroneous example details outside these concepts are not imported.

Reference 11

OpenStax. Biology 2e, 3.5 Nucleic Acids. OpenStax. Biology 2e, 3.5 Nucleic Acids. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: DNA/RNA structure and connection with protein production; Chapter 3.

Reference 13

National Research Council. Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States. National Academies Press; 2013. Appendix H: Understanding the Scientific Enterprise: The Nature of Science in the Next Generation Science Standards. National Research Council. Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States. National Academies Press; 2013. Appendix H: Understanding the Scientific Enterprise: The Nature of Science in the Next Generation Science Standards. Accessed September 17, 2026. Use and limits: Scientific evidence, explanation, theories and laws; Chapter 1. Not a claim of curriculum certification.

Reference 28

NHGRI: Lysosome. NHGRI: Lysosome. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Foundational cell and membrane biology.

Reference 37

OpenStax Biology 2e: Enzymes. OpenStax Biology 2e: Enzymes. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 6 foundational energetics and catalysis.

Reference 39

OpenStax Biology 2e: Glycolysis. OpenStax Biology 2e: Glycolysis. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 7 foundational respiration mechanisms; no fixed ATP yield asserted.

Reference 56

NHGRI: Deoxyribonucleic Acid. NHGRI: Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 11 DNA structure and replication.

Reference 57

NHGRI: DNA Replication. NHGRI: DNA Replication. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 11 DNA structure and replication.

Reference 59

OpenStax Biology 2e: DNA Repair. OpenStax Biology 2e: DNA Repair. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 11 DNA structure and replication.

Reference 62

NHGRI: Genome. NHGRI: Genome. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 11 DNA structure and replication.

Reference 63

NHGRI: Transcription. NHGRI: Transcription. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 12 gene expression.

Reference 64

NHGRI: Translation. NHGRI: Translation. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 12 gene expression.

Reference 69

NHGRI: Epigenomics Fact Sheet. NHGRI: Epigenomics Fact Sheet. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapters 12–13 expression and inheritance.

Reference 70

NHGRI: cDNA. NHGRI: cDNA. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapters 12–13 expression and inheritance.

Reference 73

NHGRI: Allele. NHGRI: Allele. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapters 12–13 expression and inheritance.

Reference 74

NHGRI: Polygenic Trait. NHGRI: Polygenic Trait. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapters 12–13 expression and inheritance.

Reference 75

NHGRI: Mutation. NHGRI: Mutation. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 14 stable foundational mechanisms only; no current clinical availability or cost claims.

Reference 76

NHGRI: Polymerase Chain Reaction Fact Sheet. NHGRI: Polymerase Chain Reaction Fact Sheet. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 14 stable foundational mechanisms only; no current clinical availability or cost claims.

Reference 77

NHGRI: DNA Sequencing Fact Sheet. NHGRI: DNA Sequencing Fact Sheet. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 14 stable foundational mechanisms only; no current clinical availability or cost claims.

Reference 78

NHGRI: What Is Genome Editing?. NHGRI: What Is Genome Editing?. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 14 stable foundational mechanisms only; no current clinical availability or cost claims.

Reference 79

OpenStax Biology 2e: Population Evolution. OpenStax Biology 2e: Population Evolution. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 15 evolutionary mechanisms; original explanation and explicitly hypothetical arithmetic.

Reference 80

OpenStax Biology 2e: Population Genetics. OpenStax Biology 2e: Population Genetics. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 15 evolutionary mechanisms; original explanation and explicitly hypothetical arithmetic.

Reference 81

OpenStax Biology 2e: Adaptive Evolution. OpenStax Biology 2e: Adaptive Evolution. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 15 evolutionary mechanisms; original explanation and explicitly hypothetical arithmetic.

Reference 94

OpenStax Biology 2e: The Soil. OpenStax Biology 2e: The Soil. Accessed 2026-09-17. Use and limits: Chapter 18 plant structure and function.

Reference 95

OpenStax Biology 2e: Animal Form and Function. OpenStax Biology 2e: Animal Form and Function. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 19 comparative animal structure; qualitative comparison of animal structure and function.

Reference 96

OpenStax Biology 2e: Animal Primary Tissues. OpenStax Biology 2e: Animal Primary Tissues. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 19 comparative animal structure; qualitative comparison of animal structure and function.

Reference 98

OpenStax Biology 2e: Types of Skeletal Systems. OpenStax Biology 2e: Types of Skeletal Systems. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 19 comparative animal structure; qualitative comparison of animal structure and function.

Reference 99

OpenStax Biology 2e: Reproduction Methods. OpenStax Biology 2e: Reproduction Methods. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 20 reproductive and developmental mechanisms; no exact human developmental timing or clinical advice.

Reference 103

NIDDK: Your Digestive System and How It Works. NIDDK: Your Digestive System and How It Works. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 21 digestive physiology; no diet prescriptions, intake targets or disease-treatment advice.

Reference 104

OpenStax Biology 2e: Digestive Systems. OpenStax Biology 2e: Digestive Systems. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 21 digestive physiology; no diet prescriptions, intake targets or disease-treatment advice.

Reference 105

OpenStax Biology 2e: Digestive System Processes. OpenStax Biology 2e: Digestive System Processes. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 21 digestive physiology; no diet prescriptions, intake targets or disease-treatment advice.

Reference 107

NHLBI: How the Lungs Work. NHLBI: How the Lungs Work. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 22 foundational cardiopulmonary physiology; no clinical thresholds or self-management guidance.

Reference 108

NHLBI: How the Heart Works. NHLBI: How the Heart Works. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 22 foundational cardiopulmonary physiology; no clinical thresholds or self-management guidance.

Reference 110

OpenStax Biology 2e: Components of the Blood. OpenStax Biology 2e: Components of the Blood. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 22 foundational cardiopulmonary physiology; no clinical thresholds or self-management guidance.

Reference 111

NHLBI: How Blood Flows through the Heart. NHLBI: How Blood Flows through the Heart. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 22 foundational cardiopulmonary physiology; no clinical thresholds or self-management guidance.

Reference 114

OpenStax Biology 2e: How Neurons Communicate. OpenStax Biology 2e: How Neurons Communicate. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 23 signaling and muscle physiology; qualitative mechanism; no universal voltage thresholds or clinical advice.

Reference 115

OpenStax Biology 2e: How Hormones Work. OpenStax Biology 2e: How Hormones Work. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 23 signaling and muscle physiology; qualitative mechanism; no universal voltage thresholds or clinical advice.

Reference 116

OpenStax Biology 2e: Muscle Contraction and Locomotion. OpenStax Biology 2e: Muscle Contraction and Locomotion. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 23 signaling and muscle physiology; qualitative mechanism; no universal voltage thresholds or clinical advice.

Reference 117

OpenStax Biology 2e: Neurons and Glial Cells. OpenStax Biology 2e: Neurons and Glial Cells. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 23 signaling and muscle physiology; qualitative mechanism; no universal voltage thresholds or clinical advice.

Reference 118

OpenStax Biology 2e: Innate Immune Response. OpenStax Biology 2e: Innate Immune Response. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 24 immune mechanisms; qualified education, no treatment or immunization schedule recommendations.

Reference 119

OpenStax Biology 2e: Adaptive Immune Response. OpenStax Biology 2e: Adaptive Immune Response. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 24 immune mechanisms; qualified education, no treatment or immunization schedule recommendations.

Reference 120

OpenStax Biology 2e: Antibodies. OpenStax Biology 2e: Antibodies. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 24 immune mechanisms; qualified education, no treatment or immunization schedule recommendations.

Reference 121

OpenStax Biology 2e: Disruptions in the Immune System. OpenStax Biology 2e: Disruptions in the Immune System. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 24 immune mechanisms; qualified education, no treatment or immunization schedule recommendations.

Reference 122

OpenStax Biology 2e: Homeostasis. OpenStax Biology 2e: Homeostasis. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 25 qualitative regulation; no clinical thresholds, intake targets or self-treatment advice.

Reference 123

NIDDK: Your Kidneys and How They Work. NIDDK: Your Kidneys and How They Work. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 25 qualitative regulation; no clinical thresholds, intake targets or self-treatment advice.

Reference 125

OpenStax Biology 2e: Regulation of Body Processes. OpenStax Biology 2e: Regulation of Body Processes. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 25 qualitative regulation; no clinical thresholds, intake targets or self-treatment advice.

Reference 133

OpenStax Biology 2e: The Biodiversity Crisis. OpenStax Biology 2e: The Biodiversity Crisis. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 29 stable biodiversity concepts only; outdated quantitative estimates not adopted.

Reference 134

OpenStax Biology 2e: Threats to Biodiversity. OpenStax Biology 2e: Threats to Biodiversity. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 29 stable biodiversity concepts only; outdated quantitative estimates not adopted.

Reference 135

OpenStax Biology 2e: Preserving Biodiversity. OpenStax Biology 2e: Preserving Biodiversity. Accessed 2026-09-18. Use and limits: Chapter 29 stable biodiversity concepts only; outdated quantitative estimates not adopted.

Reference 148

Biochemistry, Hypertonicity, StatPearls. Biochemistry, Hypertonicity, StatPearls. Checked September 20, 2026. Scope: Osmolarity versus tonicity and cell-volume mechanism only; no clinical fluid recommendations.

Reference 158

MacKenzie et al., Estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are less than one (2002). Checked September 20, 2026. Scope: Primary study abstract: nondetection versus absence; no numerical result imported.

Reference 159

NIH Stem Cell Basics. NIH Stem Cell Basics. Checked September 20, 2026. Scope: Self-renewal and varying differentiation potential.

Reference 161

NHGRI, Long-Read DNA Sequencing. NHGRI, Long-Read DNA Sequencing. Checked September 20, 2026. Scope: Repeat sequences and longer reads; no platform performance guarantee.

Reference 165

Rix et al., Glucagon Physiology, Endotext (2019). Rix et al., Glucagon Physiology, Endotext (2019). Checked September 20, 2026. Scope: G-protein, adenylyl cyclase, cAMP and protein kinase A; mechanism only, no clinical recommendation.

Reference 166

UCSC Genome Browser Glossary, Exon. UCSC Genome Browser Glossary, Exon. Checked September 20, 2026. Scope: Coding and untranslated retained regions; glossary entry checked.

Edition and updates

First edition, 2026. This archive preserves 170 source numbers for the English edition. Source-use notes and scientific qualifications remain attached to each entry.

Archive prepared September 21, 2026. Access dates are recorded in the individual entries. Any future corrections will be described here without silently renumbering the sources.

Open the preserved 2026 reference archive · Contact the publisher